Ban on Tobacco and Governments Attempts to Regulate It Essay

Ban on Tobacco and Governments Attempts to Regulate It - Essay Example The white paper in 1998 promised new action to tackle tobacco to reduce 1, 06,000 deaths in UK due to smoking. The regulation targets the nine million adults in UK, who still smoke in 2002. Now it has been decreased, but still there is reasonable number of smokers in UK, which needs regulation. According to Statutory instrument 2006 No. 3368 UK regulations ensure smoke free premises and enforcement. According to the act, the smoking is banned in enclosed premises as the smoking in them may result in polluted environment. The responsibility of enforcement of the act lies with port health authority and unitary authority. As the authorities are entitled with the responsibility of ensuring smoke free enclosures or premises, they have to be prepared with the legal aspects that help in enforcement. The important aspect in regulating the smoking is to stop the production. As it does not happen with the above regulation, the government is trying to minimise the consumption and is trying to make the closed premises smoke and pollution free, so that the passive smokers as well as smokers can avoid some serious diseases. In addition to the above context, Government tried to regulate the tobacco by labelling of packaging, regulating the content in tobacco products, restricting the sal e of tobacco to young people of a certain age limit. However, the last aspect in the just mentioned topics cannot be implemented properly as the administration cannot contain the sale of tobacco products to children or young people of certain age. In case of second aspect mentioned above, the restrictions of sale of tobacco resulted in counterfeit sales of cigarettes and other tobacco products and it resulted in loss to exchequer despite sales going on. The labelling of packaging is not much effective as most of the smokers do not buy packets of cigarettes. Though it is effective in some classes of people, the labelling did not decrease smoking in lower economic class people who buy cigarettes not as a pack but single cigarettes. In addition to that the legislation made in 2002 regarding manufacture, presentation and sale of tobacco products resulted in hard hitting health warnings. The act prohibited the advertisements of cigarette and tobacco product manufacturing companies, which indicate that they are less injurious to health. The Government started to give picture warnings, which are understandable with least reading and concentration. The picture warnings started from 2008 on cigarette denoting that the people will die a slow death by smoking cigarettes, which indicates premature death. However, the premature death cannot restrain young or energetic smokers who do not care much about health and death as they are strong enough. However, the above signals can restrain middle aged and old aged smokers who face health problems due to smoking. Hence, the graphic picture warnings on cigarette packs regarding rotting teeth and lungs, throat cancer can create thinking in smokers about their health from 1st Octo ber. Out of millions of smokers, just 90,000 smokers called NHS smoking helpline to know about the health problems and ways and means to quit smoking. The statutory instruments did not turn out to be a full success as only small amount of the

Biorefinery Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biorefinery - Coursework Example Switch grass is current used for the production of biofuel (Jefferson, McCaughey, May, Woosaree, & McFarlane, 2002). Biomass in Alberta Province of Canada (Jefferson, McCaughey, May, Woosaree, & McFarlane, 2002) Biomass Mean annual yield (Mg/h) Prairie sand reed 9.5 Switch grass 7.0 Big bluestem 5.5 Western wheat grass 8.8 Mammoth wild rye 7.7 Green needle grass 15.8 wheatgrass 7.5 Thick spike 6.7 Question 2 The following bio-products can be obtained from the bio-refinery: bio-diesel, ethanol, modified proteins, adhesives and resins, solvents and lubricants as well as industrial plant-based oil products (such as fertilizers, plastics), and plant-made industrial products (such as composites), Propose conversion technologies that can be applied in the biorefinery to produce the identified products; at least two different paths to ethanol should be included Biomass handling technologies for the production of different bio-products from the biomass listed in the Table above involved harv esting, transportation, storage and pre-processing and fermentation or anaerobic digestion. Pretreatment is carried out by hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material with dilute sulphuric acid (0.7-5% v/v) in two stages to yield fermentable sugars such as D-glucose, D-mannose, D-galactose, L-rhamanose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and uronic acids. The first stage is carried out at 140 Â °C for 15 min to hydrolyze the hemicelluloses and in the second stage proceeds at 190 Â °C for 10 min to breakdown the cellulose. Any residue cellulose is hydrolyzed enzymatic ally. The bioconversion of D-xylose into ethanol from hemicellulosic materials is limited by the presence of toxic compounds, such as phenol, furfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acetic acid. These toxic compounds decrease the bioprocess productivity. The toxic compounds are removed by use first adjusting the pH to 9-10 by using Ca(OH)2 to facilitate the removal of the toxic compounds and this is followed by readjusting the pH back t o 5. The hydrolyzed hemicellulosic material will be fermented with S. cerevisiae for ethanol production. Alternatively, ethanol can be obtained from the biomass by carrying the pretreatment process by means of steam explosion at 160-290 Â °C, 0.7-5 MPa. The process depolymerizes the cellulose and the hemicellulosic materials. Detoxification and fermentation processes as describe above is carried out to yield ethanol. For each possible path, estimate how much ethanol can be produced per year. Use theoretical yield if the actual conversion efficiency is unknown. Theoretical yield Percentage of cellulose in Switch grass is 40.2% (Jefferson, McCaughey, May, Woosaree, & McFarlane, 2002) Percentage of hemicelluloses in Switch grass = 32.5% (Jefferson, McCaughey, May, Woosaree, & McFarlane, 2002) Hydrolysis of 1 kg C6 sugar polymers gives 1.11 kg monomer sugars Hydrolysis of 1 kg C5 sugar polymers gives 1.14 kg monomer sugars Fermentation of 1 kg glucose (C6) gives 0.511 kg ethanol Theore tical yield = ([(40.2 *1.11) + (32.5*1.14)] * 0.51) Theoretical yield = 41.65/100 = 0.42 kg/kg feed = 0.55 L/kg feed Comment on the logistic aspect (mainly the transportation of feedstock) of the biorefinery, taking into account the scale of operation, the distribution of feedstock, and

Logistics---answer the 6 questions within similar words count Essay

Logistics---answer the 6 questions within similar words count - Essay Example The services of supply chain and logistic ensure customer’s expectations fulfilled. Total quality management; therefore, ensures that supply chain and logistic supply quality products and services to the final consumers. Through total quality management, services of supply chain and logistics are of high quality. In addition, the employees of an organization are able to cooperate with the supply chain and logistic organization through the total quality management. Total quality management improves the quality of products. This is because through total quality management defects reduced, employees become ware of their functions in an organization and they work towards achieving organizational goals of maintaining high quality. Problem solving also become easier because employees work together towards achieving organizational goals, through total quality management techniques, customers get satisfaction from the products produced. Production costs also reduced because employees avoid defects and waste; therefore, there is no room for mistakes during production. Quality circles are organizational groups of employees and supervisors who gather to recognize, assess and find solutions to process and quality problems. Quality circles have the advantage of promoting teamwork in an organization. The idea of team spirit enhanced, and organizational conflicts eliminated. Quality circles employee also work with a positive attitude; therefore, improving the quality. In addition, personality advancement also enhanced. This is because though the circle employees get to learn new skills and the hidden abilities of employees revealed. The working environment also enhanced; employees included in the decision making of the organization in all stages. Productivity enhanced; quality products produced, as a result in addition costs also reduced. In a company such as Kentucky Fried

Feminism Reading Essay Essay Example for Free

Feminism Reading Essay Essay The rise of the two classifications of young women was the central theme in Baer’swork. The role of young women was said to be significant in the field of competitive markets, consumption and sexual aspect of life. This significance of young women in the said aspects of society caught the attention of the public such as the state itself, some private sectors, researchers and media. They became aware of the fact that young women have this tendency to create good effects on the society as well as bad effects. Thus, social change was most represented by a trend on young women’s character. Such character of young women can be either seen as moving towards success or failure. Classifications were established due to the contrasting view on the character of girlhood. The former was said to be the kind of young women or teenage girls who are optimistic, resilient and confident in character. They are high-spirited and self-motivated with regards to their future. They do things that they think would help them achieve their goals in life no matter what their condition is. These kind of young women are more likely become successful in any of their endeavor due to their positive character and outlook in life. On the other hand, the latter was described as those young women who are involved in juvenile crimes and possessed unwilling attitudes towards the society. They are the young women who pose threat to social order as well as to other individuals (chiefly because they are the ones who involve themselves on crimes, illegal activities, and untoward actions). At-risk girls are often cited as failure in the society. Consequently, their lives are becoming unsuccessful. Due to these distinctions between can-do girls and at-risk girls, the subject of womanhood has been a target of criticisms and debates. As described earlier, can-do girls are young women who pursue their career with great efforts. They plan everything that is necessary for the actualization of their ambitions in life. Most likely, this planning stage includes the education of young women. Can-do girls start to make plans for their future upon entering in school. This is where they tend to achieve their dreams and ambitions step by step. Can-do girls know what they want to do and what they want to have in the future hence they know very well what actions they should make in order for them to reach their ideal status in the future. Can-do girls were also seen as a very good factor in the economic progress. Consumption was also an area of experience for young women. Since they were getting very good amount of salary, their expenditures contribute to the growth of the economy. With this, the marketplace also saw the importance of producing goods that are attractive to young women. Can-do girls are women who have good taste in purchasing products hence marketplaces should take into consideration the fact that young women do not easily buy goods that are not appealing to them. As Judith Baer cited in her work, product endorser and advertisers used catchwords that more likely have good impact to young women. More so, young women were becoming so much in tuned of patronizing products or goods that were advertised or endorsed by famous women such as Britney Spears, Spice Girls and Madonna. Because of this, marketplaces also considered young women’s interests in buying products. Lastly, can-do girls were also seen as young women who did not prioritize motherhood. In this sense, young women regarded motherhood as a great hindrance for achieving their goals in life. It is to be noted that in order to achieve good career, young women should be focused on what she was doing or what she was pursuing. Nonetheless, having child or children would mean lose of focus on work and diversion of attention from work to family-matters. Being a mother requires sacrificing young women’s personal ambitions while focusing more on keeping their family in order especially their children. (McMahon, 1995) Consequently, the use of contraceptives like condoms and pills were advocated by the government so as to reduce birth-rate (or population growth) likewise help the young women in maintaining their focus on their careers. According to the book, another factor that contributed to this harsh condition of at-risk girls was the fact that they were also belong in a cultural or ethnic groups which were held responsible for the failure of these young women. As stated above, community and family background were also few of the factors that triggered the at-risk girls to live in misfortune and wretched life. Inept family traditions and beliefs confined these young women to a way of thinking that they were inferior in every aspect such that they should not try to make efforts to advance themselves. Likewise, community and environment were other factors that shaped young women’s mentality regarding their role and place in the society. Unable to excel in school or even failed to finish their schooling; at-risk girls had a hard time on applying for jobs. Companies were inclined to pick employees that were able to complete their studies (meaning, those who finished their studies with a degree). Consequently, at-risk girls were most of the times unqualified to be hired in such kind of companies. Or even if they got the chance to be hired in certain companies, they were designated to low positions and had a very small chance of being promoted to a higher position. Looking into History (Herstory) But during the early 60’s some issues arose from the peaceful starting years of the postwar period. One issue was about racism, this have been visible in a series of race riots in Los Angeles in 1965 and in Detroit, 1967. In this decade immigrants to the U. S. included people of color, largely the Hispanic race. At those times poverty was common to the Hispanics and the black-American race. The majority of the families of the black race are single parented. Within that decade, a distinct trend of inequality in the economy was rising, and it created a group of underclass people in which the colored skin Americans prevails. Also these groups have also been used by politicians that wanted to try to appeal to the white voters at the time when the rate of unemployment was high. And majority of the population of the African Americans believed and felt that there is discrimination among colored people. Not only the racial conflicts emerged but also issues on gender were seen arising, and it was in those times when they started to talk about femininism. The Post war feminism focused from definite discrimination, one of the examples is unequal laws, to indefinite conceptions of relationships between genders. While there are many existing issues about discrimination, unbalanced opportunities, compensation and manipulation of reproduction stayed aside, the views and focus seemed to be on the examination of the popularity of male models of society and also in the politics. And women were seen and ultimately women in the view of them as such models, resulted in indistinct potentialities. The Second wave feminists were giving focus on attaining ample equality in the social and economic aspect, since they have already gained nearly full equality in legal rights in a number of nations in the west({Meyerowitz, 1994). On the same period which was the postwar in America, Senator Joseph McCarthy said that the Communists had penetrated the United States government at high levels. As a result Americans felt a sense of anxiety about their nation and it reflected with questions like was America the greatest country in the world? Was life in America the best it had ever been (Bradley, 1998)? As years were passing by, the problem and issue of self-satisfaction and self-doubt in culture about compliance and the truth behind the value of living the American values, were reflected and seen in literature. One of example of these issues impact on the American literature during the postwar period was the writings of Gwendolyn Brooks. Brooks’ was a dedicated poet, she started working and publishing her works since she was on her teen-age years, and her writings were not of the common poetries you can see. During the post war period, her writings created a great impact on society and most of her poems were given attention, it is because she is an African-American that wrote poems usually about the characters from the poor inner city and the African-Americans’ everyday experiences in the neighborhoods. One significant publication of Gwendolyn Brooks was the book â€Å"A Street in Bronzeville†. This book was a collection of poems which described the hopes and disappointments of the Bronzeville people. Most of Brooks’ works focused on the discrimination among blacks in such poems as The Ballad of Chocolate Mabbie; it tells the story of Willie Boone choosing a lighter-skinned girl than Mabbie. And The Ballad of Pearl May Lee. ; a story about Pearl May Lee takes revenge when a threatening situation happens to her. These black women characters in the poems were poor and discriminated (Brooks, 1945). With regards to consumption, at-risk girls were seen as purchasers of alcoholic beverages, prohibited drugs, and cigarettes. They often abused the use of these material goods that in a way had bad effects on their health (physical, psychological, and emotional aspects). Moreover, there were also cases in which at-risk girls paid for deadly and illegal weapons – probably they used them in their delinquent activities. Herewith, government implemented policies that were geared towards the regulation of at-risk girl’s delinquent activities and misbehaviors. Finally, at-risk girls were said to be more prone to early motherhood. Teen motherhood entails enduring social dilemmas and lost of opportunities for young women as well as for the community itself. Lacking knowledge about contraception, at-risk girls failed to plan for their future as mothers. Effects of early motherhood include failed marriages, high cases of unwed teenage mothers, and unemployment of teenage mothers. (Musick, 1995) Additionally, government was alarmed of such instances because when teenage mothers failed to support their children, the government had no choice but to help them in sustaining the lives of their children. It would increase government expenditures in which if the cases of teenage motherhood were minimize, also the probability that the government expenditure would increase would also be minimized. Analysis As how Judith Baer illustrated in her work, young women can be classified in two categories or classifications. Those young women who were most likely become successful in their careers were said to be can-do girls while those who failed to do so were labeled as at-risk girls. Such distinction was obvious. Apparently, the society was in a way aware of this situation – that there were can-do and at-risk girls. And such opposing characters of young women cannot be discounted. Either the two classifications caused good or bad in society’s everyday existence, it truly had immense outcome such that the government cannot undervalue its effects. Planned effort and individual choice were listed as the primary elements in obtaining the status of young women as either successful or failure. As given in Baer’s work, can-do girls truly make well plans for their future. They used all their sources and access so as to arrive at success. However, at-risk girls were either lacking of enough sources and access to plan for their future or really did not have intention of making plans for their future. Using these presumptions, can-do girls and at-risk girls can easily be distinguished. Nonetheless, the aforementioned initial elements were said to be insufficient in evaluating the distinction between can-do and at-risk girls. In addition to the initial elements discussed above, economic and cultural resources were also of great importance. Mostly, young women who were given the luck of having high economic status in life had more chance of becoming can-do-girls, pursuing what she wanted to have and doing what she liked to do. In contrast, young women who were unfortunately situated in a family which have a low financial access were most likely become at-risk girls. Families of the can-do girls can afford to send their youth in schools that were highly-recognized. Likewise, these families can sufficiently finance the schooling of their youth. While families of the at-risks girls lived in poverty, they cannot pay for the education of their youth. In this regard, the potentiality of young women to become either successful or failure can be greatly affected by their economic and cultural status in life. The government should make actions and programs or policies that would encourage and facilitate the conversion of at-risk girls into can-do girls. According to Our Lives Before the Law, the government was really making ways in which they can support and help their young women. This was primarily due to the fact that there is a high demand of young women in the competitive and labor markets. By helping them in achieving good career and also good status in life, United Kingdom would also reap the fruits of such effort prospering its economic status. In addition in the United States, juvenile delinquency of young women was treated by making programs that tend to rehabilitate them. Mental offices were also institutionalized in order to help the government in its rehabilitation program on misbehaved young women. If young women were really supported and helped by the government, cases of at-risk girls would be easily reduced. In such undertaking, at-risk girls could be converted to can-do girls by giving assistance to the young women. In doing so, government should start such assistance by advocating quality education to young women. Having access on education implies good start in pursuit of better future. By monitoring the education young women as well as their family and community background, young women can be directed to the right path. Being successful in education could bring about success in work. Young women who finished their studies most likely got good jobs (high-paying jobs). And having a good educational background, young women were more competitive with regards to their career. Likewise, being a well-rounded person, young women, who were then regarded as can-do girls, became good consumers. Knowing that their demands greatly matters in the marketplace, they would realize that what they were going to buy would reflect who and what kind of woman they were. Hence they would become choosier when it comes to consumption. When it comes to motherhood, government handled it by promoting the use of contraceptives. Family planning was also one of the mechanisms or programs established by the government in treating the case of early motherhood. Government saw that if young women would engage themselves in early motherhood, opportunities for them would be lost. Investing in young women or teenage girls would really mean critical and serious endeavor. Young women, just like young men, have great potentials when it comes to what they can contribute in the society. Therefore government, non-governmental, and private institutions should take young women’s role in the society as significant as how they view young men. Conclusion Young women have been seen as one of the indicators of social change. In this light, the general public, the government and the society itself see young women as vital factors within and outside the community. The distinction between can-do and at-risk girls was derived from the diverse approach of young women on the concept of success and failure. Likewise, the society sets criteria from which young women would be classified as either can-do or at-risk. Furthermore, facets such as personal choice, planned effort, economic and cultural groupings are seen as the defining marks that distinguish the young women. In human life aspects, young women play important roles. They are not only seen as child-bearers and household chores-managers but more of individuals who are capable of transcending themselves from the traditional and conventional roles given to them by the society. In the workplace and marketplace, young women are regarded as co-equal with young men who have big potential of being excellent and very competitive employee as well as very intelligent consumer. In view of motherhood, young women should be guided by the government in order to prevent them from losing their good careers. Also the labor markets or companies also support such endeavor by giving bonuses and maternity leave to the young women who patronize motherhood in their mid thirties and above. It should be stressed out here that the government and the labor markets are against motherhood only that they view motherhood as more enjoyable when the mother already achieved what she wants and has already established good career and good status in life. To end, classification of young women pertains to their character as persons and as women in striving for successful life supported and facilitated by the society. References: AAPOLA, S. , HARRIS, A. GONICK, M. (2005) Young Femininity: Girlhood, Power and Social Change, Palgrave Macmillan BAER, J. A. (1999) Our Lives Before the Law: Constructing a Feminist Jurisprudence. Princeton University Press. BRADLEY, B. (1998). American Cultural History. Retrieved March 12, 2007, from http://kclibrary. nhmccd. edu/decade50. html BROOKS, G. (1945). A street in Bronzeville. New York: Harper. BURN, S. M. (2004) Women Across Cultures: A Global Perspective McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. COLLECTIVE, H. C. W. S. S. (1995) Womens Realities, Womens Choices: An Introduction to Womens Studies, Oxford University Press. EHRENREICH, B. HOCHSCHILD, A. R. (2003) Global Woman: Nannies, Maids, and Sex Workers in the New Economy Amazon Remainders Account. HARRIS, A. (2003) Future Girl: Young Women in the Twenty-First Century London, Routledge. HARRIS, A. (2004) All About the Girl: Culture, Power, and Identity Routledge. JIWANI, Y. STEENBERGEN, C. (2006) Girlhood: Redefining the Limits Black Rose Books KESSELMAN, A. , MCNAIR, L. D. SCHNIEDEWIND, N. (2006) Women: Images Realities, a Multicultural Anthology McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages. KONZAK, B. , KONZAK, S. KONZAK, M. (1999) Girl Power : Self-Defense for Teens, Sport Books Publisher MAZZARELLA, S. R. (1999) Growing Up Girls: Popular Culture and the Construction of Identity Peter Lang Publishing MCELROY, W. (2002) Liberty for Women: Freedom and Feminism in the Twenty-First Century. Ivan R. Dee Publishers. MCMAHON, M. (1995) Engendering Motherhood: Identity and Self-Transformation in Womens Lives The Guilford Press MEYEROWITZ, J. J. (1994). Not June Cleaver : women and gender in postwar America, 1945-1960. Philadelphia Temple University Press. MOORE, C. T. (1993-2007) Feminism. Feminism and Womens Studies. MORTIMER, J. T. (2003) Adolescents Preparation for the Future: Perils and Promise: A Report of the Study Group on Adolescence in the 21st Century Blackwell Publishing Limited MUSICK, J. S. (1995) Young, Poor, and Pregnant: The Psychology of Teenage Motherhood Yale University Press.

Leitmotif Was A Musical Concept Film Studies Essay

Leitmotif Was A Musical Concept Film Studies Essay Romantic music is a term describing a style of classical music that began in the late 18th century or early 19th century. Romantic music as a movement came from the formats, genres and musical ideas created in the earlier period, such as the classical period. Although it went further in the name of expression and merging of different art forms with music. Romanticism does not always refer to romantic love, although that theme was prevalent in many works composed during this time. Romanticism pieces are understood to be more passionate and expressive.1 The expansion of form within a typical composition, and the growing quirkiness and expressiveness of new composes from the new century; it became easier to identify an artist based on his work or style. Romantic music attempted to increase emotional expression and power to describe deeper truths or human feelings, whilst still trying to preserve the formal structures from the classical period. Leitmotif A Leitmotif is a musical term that means a short and constantly recurring musical phrase. It is associated with a particular person, place or idea.  [2]  The term itself comes from the German word Leitmotiv, meaning leading motif or guiding motif. A motif is a short musical idea melodic, harmonic, or rhythmic and a significant recurring figure that has some special importance for the characteristics of a composition. Although it is usually a short melody, it can be a chord progression or even a simple rhythm. Leitmotifs can help bind a work together into a whole, and enable the composer to relate a story without the use of words. The power of the technique was used early in the nineteenth century by composers of the Romantic Period.1 Recurring themes or ideas were sometimes used in association with specific characters. Romantic music used Leitmotif to help narrate, people were aware of the musical code and the associations with characters and situations which allowed directors to define and complete plot ideas through sound. 2 Example of composers/famous pieces who used Leitmotif Richard Wagner is the earliest composer that can be associated with the concept of Leitmotif. His cycle of four operas, titled Der Ring des Nibelungen, uses dozens of Leitmotifs, often related to specific characters, things, or situations.  [3]  Wagner raised the issue of how music could unite different elements of the plot of a music drama in his Opera; the Leitmotif technique corresponds to this ideal. Wagner used Leitmotifs for their role in musical form and emotional effect. Richard Georg Strauss, born on the 11th of June 1864 and died on the 8th of September 1949 was a leading German composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Strauss used Leitmotifs in many of his operas and several of his symphonic poems to create mood and emotion in his music. Arnold Schoenberg, who was born on the 13th September 1874 and passed away on the 13th of July 1951 was an Austrian composer and painter, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art. He used a complex set of Leitmotifs in his choral work, Gurre-Lieder which was completed 1911. Modern composer John Williams was influenced by music of the Romantic Period and made use of Leitmotif in his film scores John Williams John Towner Williams was born in Long Island, USA, on the 8th of February 1932 into a musical family.  [4]  In 1948, Williams family relocated to LA, where he studied music at the University of California. Following his national service in the air force John Williams went to the Julliard School in New York, where he studied piano. He also worked as a jazz pianist in clubs and on recordings. In 1956, John Williams was hired by Twentieth Century Fox as a pianist in their studio orchestra, and he was also soon writing the music for some TV shows including Lost in Space, Wagon Train and Land of the Giants.4 At the studio Williams worked with great movie composers like Bernard Herrmann and Alfred Newman. In 1967, John Williams made the A list of movie composers when he wrote the Oscar-nominated score for The Valley of the Dolls. John Williams has scored nearly 90 films and has been Oscar nominated over forty times. John Williams themes for Star Wars, Indiana Jones, Superman, and ET have great appeal for the general public and his movie score albums are top sellers. Williams has also written compositions for the Olympic ceremonies which capture the true spirit of the game. John Williams was the conductor and musical director of the famous Boston Pops Orchestra, where he is still a guest conductor. As well as movie scores, John Williams has written concert pieces for such greats as Yo-Yo Ma and has conducted concerts all over the world. On December the 5th 2004 John Williams was one of the 2004 honourees at the Kennedy centre in Washington, D.C. The use of Leitmotif In John Williams films he uses a lot of music related to Wagner, such as diatonic scales for hero themes, chromatic scales for objects or negative elements, bright sounds for positive elements.  [5]  John Williams has become of the most successful scoring composers and one of the most respected. His approach is very direct and strong, and no one in the theatre will fail to recognize any link between the themes and the characters associated with them. He has a great capacity to reach the audience like a classical composer. Jaws Jaws is an American horror and thriller film directed by Steven Spielberg in 1975. In the story, a giant man eating great white shark attacks beachgoers on Amity Island, prompting the local police chief to hunt it down.  [6]  The main shark theme, is a simple alternating pattern of two notes, variously identified as E and F or F and F sharp which became a classic piece of suspense music, synonymous with approaching danger. John Williams uses Leitmotif in this film for the shark. Each time the shark is going to appear the same pattern is played that can be recognized by the audience. Indiana Jones Dr. Henry Indiana Jones, Jr. is a fictional professor, archaeologist, and adventurer. Indiana Jones is noted for his trademark bullwhip, his fedora hat, and his great fear of snakes.  [7]  Indiana Jones is also the general name given to the series as a whole, which has four movies, a TV series, novels, comics, video games, and other media. In this movie Williams used Leitmotif for the character Indiana Jones. For this Williams used a diatonic scale for a hero-theme whenever Indiana was about to do something heroic and at the end of the film. Star Wars The music of Star Wars consists of the scores written for all six Star Wars films by composer John Williams. Williams scores for the double trilogy are amongst the most widely known and popular contributions to modern film music. The scores utilize a diverse variety of musical styles, many culled from the Late Romantic Period of Richard Strauss.  [8]   The Main theme of star wars is easily the most recognizable melody and is often associated with Luke Skywalker, linking with heroism and adventure. It is heard over the beginning of all the films and forms the basis of the end title as well. The Rebel Fanfare is a short Leitmotif used extensively throughout all the episodes to represent the rebel alliance. The theme is constructed out of brassy major block chords that progress in parallel motion through intervals of a third. This results in a non-diatonic sound. 8 The force theme is a well known example of a Leitmotif. Out of all of the Leitmotifs in the series this theme is most consistently developed and consequently most difficult to attach a specific meaning. This theme can represent Obi-Wan Kenobi, the Jedi and the Force from which they draw their power. Princess Leias theme is heard form episode III and onwards. It is a Leitmotif that represents a romanticized, somewhat naive idea of the princess and can also show that she is vulnerable. The imperial Leitmotif (not the imperial march) represents the Empire and Darth Vader in Episode IV. The Leitmotif is militaristic and is generally played by bassoons or muted trombones. 8 The Death Star Leitmotif is an imposing four chord played six times during episode IV to represent the Death Star. The Dual of Fates is another Leitmotif played in the first three episodes. It is composed from two minor Ostinatos and choral interjections that are head in The Empire Strikes Back.  [9]  The theme is used to represent the clash between the Light and Dark Side. In Episode II, the Leitmotif is played when Anakin goes off to search for his mother, implying an internal struggle between good and evil. Anakins Leitmotif is an innocent theme that contains seeds of the Imperial March. It has a warm melody that contradicts with the harmonic instability of a number of different passages. The concert arrangement makes the fate of this Leitmotif more explicit, ending with a number of subtle renditions of phrases from the theme it foreshadows. The Imperial March or Darth Vaders Theme represents the Galactic Empire as a whole and Darth Vader specifically. It features relentless martial rhythm and dark, non diatonic harmonic support. The Imperial March represents the Empire and is nearly equilivent to a galactic anthem. It is heard with progressive prominence through Episodes II and III, signalling critical points in Anakins downwards spiral to the Dark side. In the final rendition, accompanying Vaders death Williams reverses the effect of the theme. It ends with a cadence of solos as Vader dies. Word Count 1498

The Maasai Culture And Ecological Adaptations Essay -- Maasai Culture

Introduction The Rift Valley in East Africa has been the home of pastoralists for over three thousand years. A number of different tribes migrated to Kenya, grouped by language they include the Cushites derived from Southern Ethiopia, the Nilotes, which include the Maasai, from Southern Sudan, and the Bantu. The Maa speaking people are the group from which the Maasai originated; their expansion southward into the Great Rift Valley began about 400 years ago. The second stage of Maasai expansion involved the emergence of a central Maasai alliance as well as the expansion and differentiation out of the Central Rift Valley. There are numerous Maasai tribes, and we will be primarily discussing the Arusha and Central Maasai. Environmental Aspects The Maasai live throughout north central Tanzania and southern Kenya. Kenya Maasailand is presently located near the coast in the Narok and Kajiado districts. The territory in 1981 measured approximately 39,476 square kilometers. Details on the environment in this area are necessary in order to understand the Maasai people who depend upon it for their survival. The region is typical of arid and semi-arid lands. The Maasailand area has an extremely low amount of surface water, and shallow alkaline soils which proves to be a difficult problem for their cattle-raising practices, and the main reason why they have adapted pastoralism rather than agriculture. The amount of rainfall varies greatly (usually less than 500 mm a year) , with occasional violent storms erupting. The location of the rain may be very specific, effecting a very small area without touching a nearby location. The amount of rainfall fluctuates every year and droughts are frequent. The Maasai have adapted to their livin g co... ...1963 5. Irons, Eugene â€Å"The Pauperization of the Maasai in Kenya† Africa Today pg. 57-65 6. KenyaWeb http://www.kenyaweb.com/people/nilotes/nilotes.html 7. Saitoti, Tepilit Ole The Worlds of a Maasai Warrior University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles 1986 8. Sindiga, Isaac â€Å"Fertility Control and Population Growth Among the Maasai† African Studies Review v.27 (Mar. ’84) pp.23-39 1984 9. Spear, Thomas and Richard Waller Being Maasai: Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa James Currey Ltd. London 1993 10. Spear, Thomas Kenya’s Past: An Introduction to Historical Method in Africa Longman Group Limited London 1981 11. Spencer, Paul The Maasai of Matapato: A Study of Rituals of Rebellion Indiana University Press Bloomington and Indianapolis 1988 12. Tigner, Robert L. The Colonial Transformation of Kenya Princeton University Press 1976

Fielder Cooks Film I Know Why The Cage Bird Sings :: essays research papers

I Know Why the Cage Bird Sings, a 1979 movie directed by Fielder Cook, is a world-renowned autobiography of Maya Angelou’s youth during the Great Depression. This movie has been reworked from Maya Angelou’s best selling novel and the story takes place in a bigoted town in Stamps, Arkansas where Maya and her brother, Bailey, grow up with their grandmother and uncle. The Angelous were African Americans, they had to deal with racism from the infamous Ku Klux Klan and the other Caucasians in town. Despite disdain from the Caucasians, Maya also has familial problems. She travels back and forth between her mother’s and grandmother’s house not being able to situate herself in either’s home. However, Maya perseveres. She begins school and excels in academics. The turning point of the movie is when Maya is sexually assaulted, consequently, she withdraws into total silence. It is with the help of her kind teacher that Maya is mentally restored to herself: enthusiastic, joyful and bright. She makes an emotional valedictory speech at her graduation where she expressed her feelings and emotions towards her friends, fel low classmates, teachers and life at Stamps. Her eventful time from her youth to her graduation serve to teach a person to define themselves, not for others to define a person. I enjoyed watching I Know Why the Cage Bird Sings because we learn the pains and lessons that Maya Angelou endured while she grew up. The movie is separated into episodes, in which suspense is created and kept as each episode finishes with a climatic scene. For example, Angelou slowly builds tension around the graduation by relating to the children’s excitement and the parents’ pride.